Wednesday, October 29, 2008

The fallacy of number - financial maths, financial models and the global financial crisis

Many years ago while on an exchange program with a small merchant bank as the Manager, Corporate Finance, I handled their first leverage lease on a jumbo jet. initially, the apparently complicated spread sheets put me off. Then I realised that the critical issue was simply to understand the assumptions built into the spreadsheets.

Recently this experience has come back to me because of the global financial crisis. How did so many clever people get things wrong?

A post in Club Troppo by Peter Cebon, Peter Cebon on innovation and the financial crisis, suggested that the problem was due in part to systemic complexity. This rang true.

The central point with complex systems is that the more modules or parts, the greater the complexity of the systems, the greater the integration within systems, the more likely it is that things will go wrong. This comes about because the chances of unforeseen results rises with complexity, while close integration allows for faster spread of results through the system.

This said, I was still surprised at the failure of people to properly assess risk.  

In recent years, I have noticed the continuing rise of what I call the fallacy of number. In simple terms, if there is a number, it must be right. Present some overheads, an excel spread sheet, and people will accept what you say.

Financial models have their place. They allow complex issues to be tested and presented. However, they can also be a great danger because they are only as good as the assumptions and data on which they are based.

Like most managers or advisers, I am out of touch with the complexity of modern financial maths. I barely understand the Black-Scholes mathematical model, let alone all the things based upon it. However, I come back to this issue. If you are responsible for something and do not understand the implications, you must ask questions until you do.

This is not always easy. Working on a project recently I acquired a reputation as obsessive about detail, almost a pedant, because I would not accept things, but kept digging until I understood. Some of my professional colleagues laughed when they heard this, because I am not by nature a detail person - I like the broad picture. I did not make myself popular. However, in this case the project worked because of my obsessive approach.

Many of us are frightened of asking simple questions because we fear that we will be seen as dumb. Here I think of Bob Gregory, one of Australia's best economists, who taught me on my economics master's course. I suspect Bob would be very surprised to know how much influence he had on me. I was not one of his best students!

Bob was never afraid to ask simple questions. At seminars his line, look, there is something I do not understand, would send people running to check their assumptions and analysis. I always bear this in mind in my work.

Part of the problem in the current financial crisis is that there were simply not enough Bob Gregorys.        

Monday, October 27, 2008

Return of the economist

I worked as an economist and policy adviser for the first part of my career. Later as a senior manager and strategic consultant, economics dropped back to simply part of my intellectual and management tool kit.

In the period since I first did economics, I have watched what I saw as the discipline's decline in the face of the inexorable rise of finance and financial analysis. Now economics is back.

I think the strength of economics lies not in its mathematical and quantitative aspects, but in the way its structure of thinking teaches one to ask questions, to analyse problems. In my view, and I accept that this is a prejudice, part of the reason for economics' decline lay in the way that the mathematical and quantitative elements came to dominate what had been a more broadly based discipline.

I would no longer claim to be a professional economist. I am too out of touch with recent developments in the profession. However, I am finding my core skills as an economist back in demand as I try to explain to myself and others some of the elements in the current economic turmoil. I am using the word economic rather than financial in this case because of the way that what was a financial crisis has spread to the real economy.

Today's post on my personal blog, Puzzles about the fall of the Aussie dollar - more economics 101, discusses the implications of the fall in value of the Australian dollar. Here I saw little point in trying to explain the reasons for the fall - markets are as markets do. I was more concerned to try to understand the implications of the fall.

There is nothing especially profound in my analysis. Think of it simply as an outline of some of the variables involved.

Friday, October 24, 2008

Musings in the midst of economic downturn

I have just finished up-dating the reference posts at the end of an up-date post, Ken Henry, Malcolm Turnbull and the Australian Government's bank deposit guarantee - issues arising, that I did yesterday on my personal blog on the evolving crisis in Australia's non-bank financial sector. Yesterday afternoon the total of frozen funds had reached $A5 billion. This morning the total appears around $A8.4 billion.

This crisis was triggered by the Government's bank guarantee package leading to a flight to safety. Federal Treasurer Swan may be right when he says other factors are involved, but the package was the proximate cause. The Government's response will probably be announced some time today.

Looking back over past posts, I decided that it might be worthwhile providing a summary of some of the linked themes that I have written on over the last three years. I am not going to provide links at this point. I simply want to capture the main elements.

As a former senior Commonwealth public servant who has also dealt extensively with Government from the other side of the fence, I have written a fair bit on public policy and public administration. One reason for doing so has been a growing feeling of discomfort at what I see as an increasingly mechanistic approach to public administration and policy including the mis-application of approaches that I once supported.

To understand the nature of the changes that had taken place I looked at the evolution of public administration since the second world war, pointing to the 1970s as the tip decade that marked the end of the old, the start of new approaches. I think that this is relevant today since we are at another such point.

In writing I pointed to the way in which new attitudes to the role of the state combined with new market based ideas and new approaches to management to create a new public administration/public policy orthodoxy. In doing so, I also tried to demonstrate that many of the new ideas in public administration were sub-sets of broader trends, including the rise of quantification and standards based approaches. In turn, these linked to the rise of performance measurement, key performance indicators and performance based bay.

I remain a supporter of many of the new approaches, but in their place. The problem now is that they have become deeply entrenched, internalised, and are in fact applied back to the private sector through law, regulation and Government procurement.

Much of my writing as a management professional has been concerned with nuts and bolts stuff, trying to help managers do their job better, to help firms manage and plan better. However, my increasing dissatisfaction with modern management, with what I see as short-sighted behaviour, with the importance of fashion, has led to a growing emphasis on a return to more old-fashioned management techniques. A return to basics.

This led one of my colleagues to comment on what he saw as an increasingly old-fashioned flavour to my management comments. Perhaps that's true, although I have also been trying to develop new thinking in areas such as the resilient organisation and evidence-based management, although these too are in danger of becoming fashions. Certainly the old-fashioned tag is dangerous for some-one who is getting older!

Whatever the case may be, I find it increasingly difficult in advising, in trying to bring in new approaches, to hold my tongue when I know that things won't work. Perhaps it is time to wear the old-fashioned tag with pride?

The professional areas in which I work are themselves sub-sets of broader society. As a strategist and social commentator I am fascinated by the processes of social and cultural change. Here some of my recent writing has focused on two main, linked, themes.

The first is the growing aversion in society to risk, the belief that risk can be controlled, that adverse outcomes must be prevented by regulation or law. This is both dumb and dangerous. Risks can be managed, they cannot be controlled. To think otherwise creates a recipe for failure.

The second theme is the burden of compliance costs. In trying to avoid risk, we not only limit individual freedom to do things, we also create an economic burden that is now (to my mind) more than we can afford.

I have written about these issues in economic, management and public policy contexts. To take a public policy example, child welfare policy in NSW is a mess. In our desire to avoid things such as child molestation, we have created structures including mandatory reporting that are no longer workable. Those struggling to deliver in such systems finally give up.

More broadly, a fair bit of my writing is concerned with longer term issues.

I do not believe that one can forecast the future. There are just too many variables, the interactions are too complex. However, it is possible to identify trends, to develop frameworks, that assist understanding of the present as well as planning for the future.

This is not always easy to get across in a world dominated by activity based short term targets. To illustrate by example.

The impact of demographic change and especially the aging of populations in many western countries has been known for some time. In similar vein, the feminisation of the professions has been a feature for a number of years, as has the changing attitudes of staff to work.

For at least the last eight years I have been arguing that firms need to consider these trends in business and work force planning. Only now as these trends bite at operational level are organisations starting to take them into account. For some, the price will be high as they scrabble for workers in an increasingly competitive environment.

It may sound odd to you to be saying this at a time of economic downturn. In fact, this is just the time to be considering long term issues.

The downturn will pass. As it does, the core underlying trends will emerge with added force. Those firms that survived but who have focused on the short term may not survive the upturn.

Tuesday, October 21, 2008

Unintended Consequences - Australia's bank guarantee places pressure on the on-bank financial sector

As I write, Australia's biggest and mortgage fund, Challenger Howard Mortgage Fund, is reportedly considering placing a freeze on withdrawals following a rush by depositors to withdraw funds for transfer to the now guaranteed banking sector. Other non-bank financial institutions are facing similar pressures.

The difficulty is that a guarantee intended in part to protect the global competitive position of Australia's banks also enhanced their domestic competitive position. Those withdrawing funds are apparently not retail investors, but big funders seeking protection of the unlimited guarantee.

According to the lead story in today's Australian, the Reserve Bank warned that an unlimited guarantee could severely distort competition in Australia's financial markets. It seems to be doing just that.

Sunday, October 19, 2008

Management Perspectives - most popular posts 3

It is a bit over three weeks since I did my last post on the most popular posts among my last 100 visitors. My stats package only allows me to track the last 100 at any one time.

The three most popular posts by a considerable margin were:

So the top three this time are the same as last, if with some shifts in rankings.

The next two posts were:

Then there were five equal posts:

The chart to the right shows the countries of the most recent 100 visitors. Quite a spread. Australia has replaced the US as the most popular.

Saturday, October 18, 2008

The financial crisis - Professor N. Natarajan's view from India

Just a note.

One element in the discussion on the financial crisis has been the role of, and impact on, Asia. However, there has been very limited reporting on Asian impacts. For that reason I found Professor N. Natarajan's perspective on India interesting. See Declare Emergency In India for further details.

Thursday, October 16, 2008

Paul Frijters observations on the financial data + measures of decline in Australian personal wealth

Paul Frijters had a rather useful (and simple) piece in Club Troppo, The end of the party or the start of a new one? Observations on the financial crisis.. The discussion in comments is worth reading as well.

Jessica Irvine had a piece in The Sydney Morning Herald reporting on the latest official figures on the decline in Australian personal wealth. She does not report the source of the data, nor have I been able to find it to check.

Subject to this qualification, Jessica reports that average personal wealth has fallen by $12,000 (3.6 per cent) from its peak in September last year to just more than $237,000 at the end of June. This is the largest decline since the recession of the early 1990s. However, as at end June, personal wealth was still up 94 per cent over the decade, 29 per cent over the previous five years. but follows an increase of 94 per cent over the previous decade.

Richard Salmons in The Age quotes Saul Eslake as saying that "the stark difference between the relatively buoyant Australian economy and the serious economic problems in the United States was a result of the growth in Australians' assets in the past three years. Since March 2000, when the US share market peaked, Australian households had increased their wealth - net of debt - by 28 per cent. By contrast, the wealth of American households has fallen by 11.7 per cent, as the US market, for the first time since World War II, retreated for a third consecutive year. "

Salmon's also notes that Australian superannuation funds lost 7.2 per cent of their value last year - their worst result in 28 years.

Just for the record, there are 808,604 Australians aged 65-69, 1,064,370 Australians aged 60-64. These are the groups that will be hit double by fall in superannuation values on one side, interest rates on the other. The fact that the share boom created well above average returns in recent years is small consolation for those who did not exit on the higher returns and who have been counting on their lump sum.

The overall effect of the decline in values is beyond the scope of this post. However, it does have major implications for the million or so Australians who were planning retirement in the next few years.

I think that the key point at this stage is that the numbers show why the decline in asset values is having such impacts.

Tuesday, October 14, 2008

Australian Government's new stimulus package

This morning in Keeping a sense of perspective I suggested that the Rudd Government should take a deep breath before rushing into economic stimulus measures. This afternoon the Government announced a $10.4 billion Economic Security Strategy to strengthen the Australian economy in the face of, and I quote, the worst global financial crisis since the Great Depression.

My point in this morning's post was the need to take time to address issues in the real economy. Mr Rudd has chosen to act now, still using the language of economic warfare, so what's in the package?

The announced approach contains contains five key measures, four of which are new:

  • $4.8 billion for an immediate down payment on long term pension reform.
  • $3.9 billion in support payments for low and middle income families.
  • $1.5 billion investment to help first home buyers purchase a home.
  • $187 million to create 56,000 new training places in 2008-09.
  • Accelerate the implementation of the Government's three nation building funds and bring forward, the commencement of investment in nation building projects to 2009.

This new spend will be entirely funded from the budget. Mr Rudd notes Treasury advice that the Budget will still be in surplus after these measures. The Government will publish a full budget update in the Mid-Year Economic and Fiscal Outlook within a month.

Pension Payments

There will be a lump sum payment of $1,400 to single pensioners and $2,100 to pensioner couples made from 8 December covering.

  • Age Pensioners;
  • Disability Support Pensioners;
  • Carer Payment recipients;
  • Wife and Widow B Pensioners; Partner, Widow and Bereavement Allowees;
  • Veterans' Affairs Service Pensioners;
  • Veterans' Income Support Supplement recipients;
  • Veterans Affairs Gold Card holders eligible for Seniors Concession Allowance;
  • Those of age pension age who receive Parenting Payment, Special Benefit, or Austudy;
  • and Eligible Self Funded Retirees holding a Commonwealth Senior Health Card (CSHC)

People who are receiving Carer Allowance will also receive $1,000 for each eligible person in their care.

The Government's Economic Security Strategy includes help for self-funded retirees who are eligible for a Commonwealth Senior Health Care Card. Those who hold a Commonwealth Seniors Health Card or are Veterans Gold Card holders eligible for Seniors Concession Allowance will receive a payment of $1,400 if they are single or $2,100 to couples.

The Rudd Government approach is presented as a first step in pension reform and follows the lump sum approach introduced by the Howard Government. The spend should flow directly into increased consumption.

Child Payments

There will be one-off payment from 8 December to certain parents of $1,000 for each eligible child in their care. Those who will receive the support include:

  • Families who receive Family Tax Benefit (A); and
  • Families with dependent children who receive Youth Allowance, Abstudy or a benefit from the Veterans' Children's Education Scheme payment.

The Family Tax Benefit is means tested, but cuts out at a reasonably high income level. The Government's costing estimates are based on payments for around 3.9 million Australian children.

Again, the focus is on people who are likely to spend.

First Home Buyers

The current First Home Buyers scheme will be amended:

  • First home buyers who purchase established homes will have the grant which they are currently entitled to doubled from $7,000 to $14,000; and
  • First home buyers who purchase a newly-constructed home will receive an extra $14,000 to take their total grant to $21,000.

First home buyers will be eligible for the First Home Owners Boost from today (14 October, 2008). All contracts entered into by 30 June, 2009 will be eligible for this new additional assistance.

This one is a very mixed blessing. The increase in the grant on existing homes will, as happened when the original scheme was introduced, flow straight through into higher house prices.

The grant for new homes should add to construction.

Jobs and Training

The Government will spend $187 million to create an additional 56,000 training places this financial year in the Productivity Places Program. Mr Rudd states that there has been a huge demand for training since the Productivity Places Program began in April, with more than 50,000 jobseekers enrolled and over 11,000 having already completed their training in areas of skill shortage.

Nation Building

The Government will accelerate the implementation of the Government's three nation building funds. Government Ministers will bring forward their interim Infrastructure Report so that work can commence in 2009 on projects in the key areas of:

  • Education and Research;
  • Health and Hospitals;
  • Transport and Communications.

Comment

I have mixed views on this package. At this stage I just wanted to get the details down. I will comment on the implications a little later.

Postscript

For the benefit of those interested, I extended my analysis of the economic stimulation package in two posts on my personal blog:

Keeping a sense of perspective

The first stanza of Rudyard Kipling's If reads:

If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;

I was reminded of this last night listening to both the Australian Prime Minister Rudd and Opposition Leader Turnbull talking on TV.

I did not intend to post today - I try to limit my posts on this blog to three a week. But seriously, we are in danger of entering very bad policy territory.

So far as Australia is concerned, I think that the financial crisis is over. It was always an international rather than domestic issue, but we had to deal with the flow-on effects. Globally, too, I think that we will soon be able to put it behind us.

We now have the problem of the real economy. Already trending down, this has been hard it by the financial turmoil.

Managing the real economy is a matter for sensible fiscal and monetary policy. Yet here the rhetoric of at least Australia's leaders is still dominated by the financial crisis - we must avoid global melt-down.

Please, Mr Rudd, take a deep breath. Yes, we need to take action to reduce the effects of economic downturn. But we also need time to think the best ways through.

If you treat the real economy with its longer lead times as though action here was part and parcel of the financial crisis, we are going to end up with a mess. Let's avoid this if we can.

Sunday, October 12, 2008

Australia guarantees all domestic bank deposits

Note to readers: I have added a brief postscript at the end of this post on the competitive implications of the Australian move.

According to breaking news reports, Australia will guarantee all bank deposits for three years and guarantee wholesale funding to Australian banks in an attempt to combat the global credit crisis. Australian will also double the funds available for mortgage-backed securities to $8 billion to help maintain liquidity for non-bank lenders. The move is apparently being coordinated with New Zealand.

The Australian move has been driven in part by competitive pressures following guarantees by other countries. Australian Prime Minister Rudd said while Australian banks were well capitalised and well regulated, the measures were needed to help Australian banks compete with others in the international market.

Under the plan, all deposits in Australian banks, building societies and credit unions, will be guaranteed by the Australian government for the next three years. Deposits in Australia tally between $600 billion and $700 billion, Mr Rudd said.

In return for the guarantees, banks would have to pay an insurance premium levied at an appropriate rate determined between treasury and the banks to ensure, in Mr Rudd's words, that this is not simply a free gift from the government by way of a guarantee to the banks.

The government will also guarantee term wholesale funding to local banks until global financial markets stabilised. This means according to Mr Rudd that anyone lending money to an Australian bank has an assurance their money is safe.

Postscript

I have been watching the media comments on the Australian move. While there has been a lot of blog commentary, the main stream international media while noting the announcement has largely focused on what they see as the main game.

The Australian move will not affect stock exchange prices, Australia is too small a player, but it does have interesting implications.

At a purely domestic level, it effectively takes Australia out of the direct effects of global financial trouble. Australia will still be affected by global downturn, but the financial crisis should no longer be relevant to domestic financial market forces. Policy can instead focus again on economic fundamentals.

At a second level, it is likely to enhance the global competitive position of Australian financial institutions, something that the Australian Government clearly had in mind. The end effect here depends upon actions by other countries, but the effect is still likely to be positive.

All this, of course, depends upon the validity of my assumption about the soundness of Australian banks.

If, as I believe, there is not a problem, then the Australian move has little risk. The Government is in fact likely to make a profit out of the whole thing. If I am wrong, then all bets are off.